Kalapuya Wetland Plants

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Plants of the Kalapuya Wetlands

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Photos of Camus by Greg Archuleta, Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Indians

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“Willamette Wetlands of the Kalapuya,” is a long-awaited mural project due to begin painting on May 2nd 2022. It is an integral part of a public collaborative project sponsored by citizen groups, non-profits and the City of Eugene in collaboration with the Kalapuya tribes of the Willamette Valley. Students at Boys & Girls Club and community volunteers will assist painting under the direction of the artists (See Creative Team below). The mural will illustrate the Kalapuya people harvesting native plants, preparing plants for food, medicine and spiritual observance through the annual seasonal round in the traditional manner that are still practiced today.

The mural is part of a larger project called the “Kalapuya Cultural Project and Wetlands Preservation” sponsored by Beyond Toxics and Friendly Area Neighbors Equity Action Team. The project includes an informational kiosk, this web page, development of environmental and cultural curriculum, and enhancement of the park wetlands to preserve and expand the presence of the significant native plants within these sites.

The mural will be painted on the east wall of the Dr. Edwin Coleman Jr. Community Center that houses the Boys & Girls Club of Emerald Valley. The building was renamed for Dr. Coleman in honor of his life and legacy as a University of Oregon professor, musician, and strong advocate for civil and human rights. These prior murals, sponsored by Friendly Area Neighbors Equity Action Team and the City of Eugene, feature visual statements on inclusion and social justice (Visit https://www.friendlyareaneighbors.org/dr-edwin-coleman-jr-center-mural-project.html for more information). This newest mural on the Coleman Center reaches back into history to commemorate the Kalapuya presence on this land prior to European pioneers.

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The mural features the names of the plants in the Santiam dialect of the Kalapuya language along with their common and Latin names. The Kalapuya names were taken from the Kalapuya Dictionary, compiled by Paul Stephen McCartney, Sr. (1940-2021) with the assistance of Komemma Kalapuya elder, Esther Stutzman, founder of the Komemma Cultural Protection Association. The dictionary was completed and printed in the fall of 2021. Esther Stutzman and her granddaughter Aiyanna Brown, who are Kalapuyan descendants, have spearheaded the effort to print and distribute the Kalapuya-English dictionaries. Visual representation of Kalapuya language and lifeways through public art is a gift to the community.

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Featured wetland plants important to the Kalapuya people throughout past and present times.
(click on the images below to learn more about each plant)

Kalapuyan names in the Santiam dialect are noted in bold font and scientific names are italicized.

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Willamette Valley Gumweed
Grindelia integrifolia

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Tarweed
Tukwa
Madia sp.

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Narrowleaf Mule’s Ears
Uamelk Tepok
Wyethia angustifolia

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Willamette Valley Gumweed
Grindelia integrifolia

Grindelia integrifolia thrives in wet conditions — usually in wetlands or marshes (fresh and saltwater). Indigenous peoples of the Willamette Valley utilized this plant as a medicinal food. The leaves were often steeped to make a bitter tea, which proved useful for asthma or bronchitis. The flowers and the leaves were also often eaten for their anti-inflammatory and sedative effects. While not an edible use of the plant, the extracts were occasionally made into a paste to treat skin irritations from conditions like poison oak. Other indigenous uses for gumweed included using the sticky resin as glue, making yellow and green dyes from the flowers and buds, and using dried stems as brooms.

Grindelia integrifolia can be a powerful component of native wetland restoration due to its late bloom. When many flowers have moved out of their flowering stage by late summer and early fall, the Willamette Valley gumweed provides a late season source of pollen for native butterflies and bees.

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Cut-leaf Microseris
Microseris laciniata

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Barestem Biscuitroot
Alu’t
Lomatium nudicaule

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Common Camas
Andip
Camassia quamash

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Tarweed
Madia sp.
TUKWA

Tarweed is an upright, sturdy plant that can grow anywhere from 2 to 6 feet tall. There are several species of tarweed that grow in the Willamette Valley, all of which can be distinguished from similar plants by their extremely sticky seeds. Many local tribes began harvesting tarweed in late summer or early fall, after the plant has flowered and seeds are present. The harvest would begin with a cultural burning of the meadow, which effectively removed the oily, “tar”-like coating from the seeds. Since species of tarweed thrive in disturbed areas, this practice was not only effective in preparing the seeds for food, but also in priming the soil for the unharvested seeds to be successful the following year.

Practices that ensure the security of the meadow in which tarweed grew also secured a resilient food source for years to come. These seeds were an important food for people native to Oregon’s valleys, since they could be stored year round and used during cold, rainy winters. Following the meadow’s burn, women traditionally harvested the seeds by knocking them off the plants into a gathering basket. Then the seeds were used to make meal or flour with other pounded nuts and seeds, such as hazelnuts or sunflower seeds. Oils from the tarweed were used to spread on the skin during ceremonies. It was also used as an oil for cooking, and for making a bar-like food without the intense sugar that Europeans introduced. The seeds were also paired with camas-water to make a sweet soup. These rich and aromatic seeds were often called “Indian Oats” in English, as tarweed was a staple food source and often traded across Oregon. The flour-like material made from tarweed was called lemolo sapoliel in Chinook jargon.

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Duis sed cursus sapien, vitae fringilla sem. 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* The project is supported by grants from the City of Eugene Office of Human Rights and Neighborhoods, Gray Family Fund and Spirit Mountain Community Fund.

Thank you to our co-collaborators and partners in this project:
Beyond Toxics (project lead), Friendly Area Neighborhood Equity Action Team, City of Eugene Parks and Open Space, the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, and the Boys & Girls Club of Emerald Valley.

Thanks also to our business sponsors:
Rainbow Valley Design & Construction, Café Mam, WildCraft Cider Works, GloryBee, Farmers Union Coffee Roasters, Garden Fever!

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Back to the Kalapuya Cultural Project and Wetlands Preservation home page->>

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The Creative Team behind the mural

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L to R: Standing: Lisa Arkin, Nancy Bray and Jennifer Eisele; Seated: Susan Applegate and Esther Stutzman

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Our creative team consists of muralist Susan Applegate and Kalapuya tribal elder Esther Stutzman. They both live in Yoncalla, where the Applegate pioneer family and the Yoncalla Komemma Band of the Kalapuya have had a long and friendly relationship dating back to the 1850s. Esther Stutzman received the 2017 Lifetime Achievement Governor’s Art Award for her work in Oregon as a traditional Kalapuya/Coos storyteller.

Local artist Esteban Camacho Stevenson who previously designed and painted the “Music and Social Justice Mural” on the west side of the Coleman Center will assist Susan Applegate with painting the mural and we are excited he has joined the team to complete this project.

Nancy Bray is on the Board of Friendly Area Neighbors and has worked collaboratively throughout all phases of this project. As a member of the FAN Equity Action Team, she brings her experience from coordinating three existing murals at the Dr. Edwin Coleman Jr. Community Center which houses the Boys & Girls Club of Emerald Valley. Nancy helps organize work parties to preserve and enhance the Westmoreland Wetlands in partnership with the City of Eugene Parks & Open Space.

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Artist Susan Applegate. Photo by Ephraim Payne.

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Resources

NEWS: Kalapuya’s relationship to native plants focus of new mural, by Brian Bull, KLCC

Articles about Kalapuya Tribal Elder, Esther Stutzman:

https://www.opb.org/article/2022/04/02/oregon-kalapuya-language-indigenous-people-willamette-valley-dictionary-native-americans/

https://eugeneweekly.com/2022/03/17/10-who-made-a-difference/

https://www.registerguard.com/story/news/2022/03/11/reviving-kalapuya-language-confederated-tribes-of-siletz-indians-oregon/65224744007/

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Sources for information about native Willamette Valley plants:

Willamette Valley Gumweed

https://www.wnps.org/native-plant-directory/130:grindelia-integrifolia https://bufordpark.org/products/grindelia-integrifolia http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Grindelia%20i ntegrifolia
https://mountpisgaharboretum.org/learn/plant-list/grindelia-integrifolia/ https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia

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Tarweed

Whereat-Phillips, Patricia. Ethnobotany of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians, Oregon State University Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uoregon/detail.action?docID=5092035.
Created from uoregon on 2022-01-31 04:57:02.
https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_masa.pdf http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Madia%20sativa

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Narrowleaf Mule’s Ears

Chapter 4 Native Peoples’ Relationship to the California Chaparral M. Kat Anderson and Jon E. Keeley p. 87-88 https://egret.org/sites/default/files/andersonkeeley2018.pdf
Native american ethnobotany database – http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=wyethia
Seven Oaks Native Nursery –
https://www.sevenoaksnativenursery.com/native-plants/perennials-and-bulbs/wyethia-angustifolia/

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Cut-leaf Microseris

http://naeb.brit.org/uses/22985/
http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Microseris%2 0laciniata%20ssp.%20laciniata
https://www.pnwflowers.com/flower/microseris-laciniata
https://denix.osd.mil/nr/focus-areas/habitat/habitat-restoration/reports/strategy-for-the-cooperativ e-recovery-of-rare-species-affecting-training-ranges-native-seed-production-strategy-a-key-piec e-of-south-puget-sound-prairie-conservation-november-2011-legacy-09-213/

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Common Camas

Whereat-Phillips, Patricia, and Nancy J Turner. Ethnobotany of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians. Oregon State UP, 2016. Web.

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Barestem Biscuitroot

Turner, Nancy J.. Ancient Pathways, Ancestral Knowledge : Ethnobotany and Ecological Wisdom of Indigenous Peoples of Northwestern North America, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014.
ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uoregon/detail.action?docID=3332764. Created from uoregon on 2021-12-04 04:39:21.
https://mountpisgaharboretum.org/learn/plant-list/lomatium-nudicaule/

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