PFAS Chemicals

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PFAS Chemicals

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PFAS chemicals are a class of chemicals that appear to have infiltrated every corner of our modern world. PFAS’ human-made chemicals are in our blood, clothes, and cosmetics. They are in air, water, soil, sediments, and in rain.

In 2005¹ and 2009², laboratory tests found PFAS chemicals in the umbilical cord samples from 20 babies born in the U.S. These tests exposed the shocking truth that American babies are born pre-polluted with PFAS, which can pass from mothers to fetuses through the umbilical cord. Most recently, in 2016 a Canadian study found PFAs chemicals in more than 90 percent of the nearly 2,000 cord blood samples collected from pregnant women.³

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly all Americans have PFAS in their blood.⁴

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History and Definitions

PFAS
PFAS stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, it’s an umbrella term for a family of thousands of chemicals – about 12,000 at last count – that are prized for their indestructible, and non-stick properties.⁵ They are used in a huge range of consumer products, including waterproof clothing, furniture, cookware, electronics, food packaging and firefighting foams and are in a wide array of industrial processes.⁶

PFAS’ pervasive presence in the environment is a high concern for human health issues as they are absorbed faster in human cells than they can be excreted, thus they inevitably build up, bio magnify,⁷ and bioaccumulate⁸ up the food chain, thus effecting human health.

Finally, PFAS are designed so that they won’t break down in the environment for tens of thousands of years, earning them the true, but terrifying title, “forever chemicals”.

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Why are PFAS a concern?

PFAS either are, or degrade to, persistent chemicals that accumulate in humans, animals and the environment. This adds to the total burden of chemicals to which people are exposed (Evans et al., 2016) and increases the risk of health impacts. Of the relatively few well-studied PFAS, most are considered moderately to highly toxic, particularly for children’s development. Figure 1 summarizes current knowledge of the health impacts of PFAS.

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Source: National Toxicology Program. 2016. Immunotoxicity associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC. [cited 2020 July 13]. Available from:
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/pfoa_pfos/pfoa_pfosmonograph_508.pdf

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Source: U.S. National Toxicology Program, (2016); C8 Health Projects Report, (2012); WHO IARC, (2017); Barry et al., (2013); Fenton et al., (2009); and White et al., (2011).

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What are the main routes of human exposure to PFAS?

The main exposure pathways for human and environmental exposures are shown in Figure 2. For the general population, PFAS sources include drinking water, food, consumer products and dust (EFSA, 2018). In food, fish species at the top of the food chain and shellfish are significant sources of PFAS exposure. Livestock raised on contaminated land can accumulate PFAS in their meat, milk and eggs (Ingelido et al., 2018; Numata et al., 2014). Direct exposure may also come via skin creams and cosmetics (Danish EPA, 2018; Schultes et al., 2018) or via air from sprays and dust from PFAS-coated textiles. There is little knowledge on uptake via skin and the lungs, which can be severely affected by PFAS (Nørgaard et al., 2010; Sørli et al., 2020). Consumer exposure may also occur via other routes such as via floor, wood, stone, and car polishing and cleaning products. Groups that may be exposed to high concentrations of PFAS include workers and people eating or drinking water and foods contaminated via PFAS treated food contact materials (Susmann et al., 2019).

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Source: Emerging chemical risks in Europe — ‘PFAS’ – European Environment Agency | Figure 2: Typical PFAS exposure pathways | https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emerging-chemical-risks-in-europe

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What are the main sources of environmental PFAS pollution?

Production and use of PFAS have been the main sources of PFAS contamination over time (Wang et al., 2014a, 2014b; Hu et al., 2016) for instance from fluoropolymer production installations and from the use of PFAS-containing firefighting foams (Figure 1). Other sources include PFAS produced and applied to textiles and paper and painting/printing facilities (Danish EPA, 2014). Less is known about potential releases of PFAS from other uses such as oil extraction and mining (Kissa, 2001), and the production of medical devices, pharmaceuticals and pesticides (Krafft and Riess, 2015).

PFAS in consumer products, such as textiles, furniture, polishing and cleaning agents and creams, may contaminate dust and air, while food contact materials can contaminate food (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2019; Danish EPA, 2018). Drugs and medical devices may be other sources.

Emissions to the environment occur via industrial waste water releases, as well as emissions to air from industrial production sites followed by deposition onto soil and water bodies. Industrial and urban waste water treatment plants are also a significant source of PFAS, via air, water and sludge (Hamid, et al., 2016; Eriksson et al., 2017).

Reuse of contaminated sewage sludge as fertilisers has led to PFAS pollution of soil (Ghisi et al., 2019) and water in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and the US (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2019). The recycling of PFAS containing materials such as food contact materials and the formation of volatile fluorinated gases during waste incineration (Danish EPA, 2019) are other possible sources of PFAS pollution.

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What is Being Done About PFAS?

PFAS are currently not regulated in drinking water at the federal level, however the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has begun the process to regulate PFOS and PFOA in drinking water and it is very likely that federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) will be established for at least these two PFAS contaminants in the future.

In lieu of a federal drinking water regulation, several states have or are in the process of developing their own MCLs or health advisory levels.⁹

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EPA

APRIL 2024 UPDATE
On April 10, 2024, EPA announced the final National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for six PFAS. To inform the final rule, EPA evaluated over 120,000 comments submitted by the public on the rule proposal, as well as considered input received during multiple consultations and stakeholder engagement activities held both prior to and following the proposed rule. EPA expects that over many years the final rule will prevent PFAS exposure in drinking water for approximately 100 million people, prevent thousands of deaths, and reduce tens of thousands of serious PFAS-attributable illnesses.

Under “Summary,” see the table of Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) allowed: https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas
NOTE: The EPA rules apply to drinking water. Beyond Toxics advocates for extendind standards to surface water.

Background

On February 1, 2024, the EPA announced the Biden Harris administration’s steps to protect communities from PFAS.¹⁰ EPA proposed two new rules that would better enable regulators to address PFAS under the nation’s hazardous waste law to protect families across the nation.¹¹ The first proposed rule would modify the definition of hazardous waste as it applies to cleanups at permitted hazardous waste facilities.¹² And the second would amend its RCRA13 regulations to add multiple PFAS compounds as hazardous constituents.¹⁴

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Oregon

The Oregon Health Authority – Drinking Water Services (OHA-DWS) has established drinking water health advisory levels (HALs) for four PFAS compounds most found in humans. These health advisory levels for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS are based on adverse developmental and immune effects and are set at levels meant to protect all persons, including sensitive populations, from both short and long-term exposures in drinking water.¹⁵

Oregon’s Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)¹⁶ is working with landowners of several sites where PFAS have been found in one or more of the following media: groundwater, soil, surface water and stormwater. Contamination at these sites appears to be related to firefighting foam. Landowners are voluntarily assessing the contaminated sites with DEQ oversight and consultation as part of voluntary investigations of historical firefighting foam use and storage areas.¹⁷

DEQ’s Toxic Reduction and Safer Alternatives programs are also working to identify alternatives for PFAS in food packaging; coordinating with the state of Washington on PFAS-related efforts; collaborating with the Interstate Chemicals Clearinghouse and other states to assess firefighting foam alternatives; promoting awareness that individuals can purchase PFAS-free consumer products; and promoting PFAS-free materials in state purchasing contracts.¹⁸

According to Oregon.gov, the OHA conducted a 2013-2015 analysis of major public drinking water systems and found no detectable PFAS in Oregon’s drinking water systems.¹⁹ The OHA conducted another drinking water monitoring project in fall 2021 through 2023, at public water systems identified as at risk due to their proximity to a known or suspected PFAS use of contamination site.²⁰

SPRING 2024 UPDATE

Oregon was part of a massive PFAS class action lawsuit vs. 3M corporation re: PFAS contamination in drinking water systems. The suit recently settled for $10.3 Billion. Distribution of the available funds is yet to be determined.

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Beyond Toxics

Extensive monitoring of surface water sources for PFAS has not yet occurred in Oregon. Monitoring is the only way to know for sure whether water quality in Oregon’s rivers have concerning concentrations of forever chemicals. A targeted PFAS sampling effort will determine whether people and wildlife are being exposed to potentially harmful PFAS chemicals in their drinking and surface waters. Beyond Toxics strongly recommends that the Oregon DEQ adopt timely and mandatory monitoring of PFAS in Oregon’s water ways to understand the potential risks of rising levels of these hazardous chemicals in the environment.

We are also concerned about understanding how children may be exposed to PFAS in everyday products. In partnership with Oregon Environmental Council (OEC), Beyond Toxics received a grant from the OSU’s PNW Center for Translational Environmental Health Research to conduct Oregon-based research to detect the presence of PFAS in common consumer items, like artificial turf, cosmetics and consumer goods. The focus of the research will be on products typically used by young people. We hope the results will help inform how PFAS chemicals may transfer from products to our bodies through skin contact.

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Resources

Proposed PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation – EPA
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

ALSO:

See Chemicals that were once common and are now banned in the U.S. (information provided by Stuart Greenleaf)

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CHEMICALS THAT WERE ONCE COMMON AND ARE NOW BANNED IN THE U.S.
by Stuart Greenleaf

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(1)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3C%2Ftr%3E%5Cn %3Ctr%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3ELead (paint%2C gasoline%2C pipes)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EMakes paint more durable%2C also a pigment%3B anti-knock agent and octane booster since the 1920s.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EPotent neurotoxin with severe developmental effects in children%3B cognitive%2C blood pressure and reproductive issues in adults.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EBanned in paint in 1978%3B phase-out in fuels completed 1996. (2)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3C%2Ftr%3E%5Cn %3Ctr%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EAsbestos%2F construction%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EFire resistant and insulating%3B a naturally occurring silicate fiber.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EVarious cancers%2C most notably mesothelioma of the lungs%3B fibers deposited in lungs (%E2%80%9Casbestosis%E2%80%9D) can cause scarring.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3E1989 ban overturned in 1991%3B recent ban in 2024. (3)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3C%2Ftr%3E%5Cn %3Ctr%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3ECFCs (refrigerant%2C spray cans)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3ENon-flammable%3B replaced combustible refrigerants.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EDepletes ozone in the atmosphere%2C reducing filtration of UV radiation%3B damage to the eyes and skin%2C including skin cancers%3B persistent greenhouse gas.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EGradual ban completed in 1994.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3C%2Ftr%3E%5Cn %3Ctr%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EMercury (Batteries%2C coal%2C dental amalgam fluorescent bulbs)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EReduces swelling and rupture in batteries%3B makes silver amalgam dental fillings more workable and durable.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EHighly neurotoxic%2C even in very small quantity%3B can have severe cognitive and neuromuscular effects on children and adults%3B ccumulates in fish and seafoods%2C with human exposure from eating them.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EBanned in batteries 1996%3B emission from coal burning limited by 2011 EPA rule%3B 2020 EPA rule for amalgam disposal (4)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3C%2Ftr%3E%5Cn %3Ctr%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EPhthalates (plastics%2C cosmetics)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EPlasticizers – increases flexibility%2C transparency%2C durability%3B solvent in fragrances.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EHormone disrupter%2C estrogen mimic%3B early puberty%2C infertility%2C obesity%3B probable carcinogen for breasts and reproductive organs.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3E2008 EPA rule banned some phthalates in children%E2%80%99s products. (5)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3C%2Ftr%3E%5Cn %3Ctr%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EFood Additives%2F bromates%2C propylparaben%2C Red dye %233%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EIncreases shelf life and has other functions in processed foods such as candy%2C cereal%2C soda%2C and baked goods.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EExisting studies link these additives to hyperactivity%2C nervous systems damage and increased risk of cancer in both adults and children.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EBanned in foods sold or manufactured in California by 2027. (6)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3C%2Ftr%3E%5Cn %3Ctr%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EPFAS (Fire-fighting foam%2C cookware%2C fabrics)%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EFoam creates a film which contains fire%3B non-stick agent in cookware and in stain-resistant fabrics. %3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3ELinked to many health problems%3A weakened immune system%2C kidney cancer%2C elevated cholesterol%2C pregnancy-induced hypertension%2C liver damage%2C reduced fertility%2C and increased risk of thyroid disease.%3C%2Ftd%3E%5Cn %3Ctd%3EMeasures enacted in several states%3A bans on PFAS in firefighting foam%2C and a phase-out of PFAS in food packaging %3B 2024 EPA rule%2C water supply. 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NOTES

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(1) Rachel Carson and her 1962 book Silent Spring were fiercely attacked by the pesticide industry. She is credited for raising environmental awareness, which led to the 1972 banning of DDT. Upon the founding of the EPA in 1970, its initial task was pesticide regulation.

(2) When lead was added to gasoline in the 1920s, its toxicity was already known. Banning of lead in fuels was delayed by companies with a stake in continued lead use, including General Motors, funding studies to create the false impression that leaded gasoline was safe.

(3) The 1989 asbestos ban in the US was contested regarding the burden placed on industry, and overturned in 1991. A new ban was enacted in 2024.

(4) Toxicity of mercury has been known since ancient times. The first scientific paper was published in 1926, involving inhalation of mercury vapor. Mercury in fluorescent bulbs is partially regulated in six states, while sweeping bans exist in Europe. A 2020 EPA rule requires dental offices to use a device which separates mercury amalgam material from other waste.

(5) Plasticizers, including phthalates and bisphenol-A (BPA), are considered “xeno-estrogens” with harmful effects listed in the table above. Up to now, significant restrictions have been enacted in only a few states.

(6) The California Food Safety Act of 2023 bans four food additives by January 2027. This statewide legislation, the first of its kind in the US, will prohibit any food product manufactured, sold, delivered, distributed, held or offered for sale in California after January 1, 2027, from containing brominated vegetable oil (solubility of flavoring), potassium bromate (dough conditioner), propyl paraben (anti-microbial preservative), or Red Dye No. 3 (coloring). Similar legislation is pending in other states.

(7) The family of several PFAS chemicals are “per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances”, nicknamed “the forever chemicals” because they are very persistent in the environment and in living tissue. They are found in food, soil, air, and water. 12 states including CA, CO, CT, HI, IL, ME, MD, MN, NH, NY, VT, and WA have banned the sale of firefighting foam containing PFAS. 12 states including CA, CO, CT, HI, ME, MD, MN, NY, OR, RI, VT, and WA have enacted phase-outs of PFAS in food packaging.

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This table is a simplified overview, and harmful effects from chemicals are much broader than expressed here. Toxin regulations are complex and constantly evolving, with federal rules containing a multitude of details as well as some exceptions. Individual states and localities have rules of their own, while lobbying and litigation occur at every level of government.

Since the 1940s about 100,000 new chemicals have been put into use, and the consequences of most are unknown. As research continues to emerge, concern over many additional chemicals is growing.

There are two general perspectives in toxicology. A focus on gradual exposure examines subtle effects of very small doses over long periods, as may occur from eating foods with pesticide residue. The other perspective focuses on obvious symptoms from larger exposures, such as the 2014 crisis of lead in the water supply of Flint, Michigan.

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